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     1.4 +UV increase due to ozone loss
     1.5 +=============================
     1.6 +
     1.7 +The chemical depletion of ozone in the stratosphere causes an increase
     1.8 +of ultraviolet radiation on the ground. The UV index is a measure of
     1.9 +the danger of the UV radiation.  It corresponds to the
    1.10 +sunburn-effective solar irradiance.
    1.11 +
    1.12 +This is a sample calculation [#FN1]_, how the UV index typically
    1.13 +changes at a certain latitude in winter and spring.  Shown are
    1.14 +noontime values of the UV index at clear sky for the range of the
    1.15 +observed ozone columns of the years 2000 and 2012 (black) and
    1.16 +corresponding values for a given decrease the ozone column (blue). The
    1.17 +selection of the two values for geographical latitude and ozone loss
    1.18 +can be altered.  The anthropogenically induced polar ozone depletion
    1.19 +takes place within the polar vortex, which in winter and spring is
    1.20 +well separated from the mid-latitudes.  After the breakdown of the
    1.21 +polar vortex (in the Northern hemisphere typically at the latest in
    1.22 +early April), ozone-rich air from mid-latitudes will be transported
    1.23 +back into the polar regions.
    1.24 +
    1.25 +In contrast to the Southern hemisphere, there are typically no
    1.26 +significant increases tO very high UV indices in polar high latitudes
    1.27 +in the Northern hemisphere in the relevant period until April.
    1.28 +
    1.29 +These graphs show how the maximum UV index (at noontime at clear sky)
    1.30 +would change due to ozone depletion in the Arctic polar vortex.
    1.31 +
    1.32 +
    1.33 +
    1.34 +
    1.35 +
    1.36 +
    1.37 +
    1.38 +.. [#FN1] The mean values and standard deviations of the ozone columns were calculated from the database of Bodeker-Scientific (http://www.bodekerscientific.com).  Calculation of the UV index for cloudless sky according to the method of Allaart et al. (Meteorological Applications, 11, 59-65, 2004)